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The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s were a series of coordinated armed protests for the independence of Puerto Rico led by the president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, Don Pedro Albizu Campos, against the United States Government rule on the Island. The Party repudiated the "Free Associated State" (''Estado Libre Asociado'') status that had been enacted in 1950 and which the Nationalists considered a continuation of colonialism. The Party organized a series of uprisings to take place in various Puerto Rican cities on October 30, 1950. The uprisings were suppressed by strong ground and air military force under the command of Puerto Rico National Guard Major General Luis R. Esteves. In a related event, on November 1 of that year, two Nationalists from New York City attempted to storm the Blair House in a failed effort to assassinate U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who supported the Puerto Rican government effort to draft a constitution that would rename the local government as a commonwealth of the United States and provide some limited local autonomy. In 1952, nearly 82% of Puerto Rican voters approved the Constitution of the ''Estado Libre Associado''. But the Nationalists considered the outcome of the vote a political farce since the referendum offered no option to vote in favor of independence or statehood, restricting the choices to only two: a continuation of the colonial status existing at that time and the proposed new commonwealth status.〔Juan Gonzalez, ''Harvest of Empire,'' p. 63; Penguin Books, 2001; ISBN 978-0-14-311928-9〕〔Manuel Maldonado-Denis, ''Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation,'' pp.189-209; Random House, 1972; ISBN 0-394-71787-2〕 On March 1, 1954, in another armed assault, four Nationalists fired shots from the visitors' gallery in the House of Representatives of the United States Capitol during a full floor debate, wounding five Congressmen, one seriously. The Nationalists were protesting what they perceived as a continuation of a colonial status in Puerto Rico. ==Historical context== After 400 years of colonial domination under the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico received sovereignty in 1898 through a ''Carta de Autonomía'' (Charter of Autonomy). This Charter of Autonomy was signed by the Spanish Prime Minister Práxedes Mateo Sagasta and ratified by the Spanish Cortes.〔Manuel Maldonado-Denis, ''Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation,'' pp.52-64; Random House, 1972; ISBN 0-394-71787-2〕〔Federico Ribes Tovar, ''Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary,'' pp.106–109; Plus Ultra Publishers, 1971〕 However, at the conclusion of the Spanish–American War, it was still the age of imperialism and Manifest Destiny. The United States claimed rule over the island under the Treaty of Paris, and the US demanded cessions from its defeated foe, Spain. The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party arose among opponents to this action, who said that, as a matter of international law, the Treaty of Paris could not empower the Spanish to give what was no longer theirs.〔 The US administered Puerto Rico as a territory, initially with a military government.〔Manuel Maldonado-Denis, ''Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation,'' pp.65–83; Random House, 1972; ISBN 0-394-71787-2〕 It was also the age of banana republics, and here was an opportunity to create a banana republic on US occupied territory. (It was not the first one, though, as Big Five-dominated Hawaii had been annexed in 1898.) In 1901, the first civilian U.S. governor of Puerto Rico, Charles Herbert Allen, became the president of the largest sugar-refining company in the world, the American Sugar Refining Company, which also dominated Puerto Rico's economy. This company was later renamed as the Domino Sugar company. In effect, Charles Allen leveraged his governorship of Puerto Rico into a controlling interest over the entire Puerto Rican economy.〔Ribes Tovar et al., p.122–144〕 The Federal government did not quite know how to classify Puerto Ricans at first. In 1904, the Immigration Service implemented more strict regulations that classified people from Puerto Rico as aliens who tried to enter the US, although previously they had easily migrated. In a case carried to the US Supreme Court by Isabel González in 1904, the court ruled that Puerto Ricans had the right of free travel to the US. In 1917, the US granted full US citizenship to residents of Puerto Rico; they were restricted from voting in presidential elections because they did not have the status of a state. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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